The History Of Computers :: essays research papers

THE HISTORY OF COMPUTERS In 500 B.C. the abacus was first used by the Babylonians as an aid to simple arithmetic. In 1623 Wihelm Schickard (1592 - 1635) invented a "Calculating Clock". This mechanical machine could add and subtract up to 6 digit numbers, and warned of an overflow by ringing a bell. J. H. Mueller comes up with the idea of the "difference engine", in 1786. This calculator could tabulate values of a polynomial. Muellers attempt to raise funds fails and the project was forgotten. Scheutz and his son Edward produced a 3rd order difference engine with a printer in 1843 and their government agreed to fund their next project. In 1886 Dorr D. Felt (1862 - 1930) invented the "comptometer". This was the first calculator where the operands are entered by just pressing keys. In 1889 in also invents the first printing desk calculator. Herman Hollerith (1860 - 1929) founded IBM ( as the Tabulating Machine Company ) in 1896. The company renames known as IBM in 1924. In 1906 Lee D. Forest in America developed the electronic tube (an electronic value). Before this it would have been impossible to make digital electronic computers. In 1919 W. H. Eccles and F. W. Jordan published the first flip-flop circuit design. George Stibitz constructed a 1-bit binary adder suing relays in 1937. This was one of the first binary computers. In the summer of 1941 Atanasoff and Berry completed a special purpose calculator for solving systems of simultaneous linear equations, later called "ABC" ( Atanasoff Berry Computer). In 1948 Mark I was completed at Manchester University. It was the first to use stored programs. In 1951 whirlwind was the first real-time computer was built for the US Air Defense System. In 1953 it was estimated that there were 100 computers in the world. Computers built between 1959 and 1964 are often regarded as the "second generation" computers, based on transistors and printed circuits - resulting in much smaller computers. 1964 the programming language PL/1 released by IBM. 1964 the launch of IBM 360. These first series of compatible computers. In 1970 Intel introduced the first RAM chip. In 1975 IBM 5100 was released. In 1976 the Apple Computer Inc. was founded, to market Apple I Computer. Designed to Stephen Wozinak and Stephan Jobs. In 1979 the first compact disk was released around 1981 IBM announced PC, the standard model was sold for $2,880.00. In 1994 according to Microsoft MS-DOS was running on some 100 million computers worldwide.

Andy Warhol

AP Studio Art 28 September 2013 Revolutionized Artist Andy Warhol was an American artist during the sass and was a leading figure in pop art. He was an artist that revolutionized society with his art during that time. His art encompassed many forms of media including hand drawing, painting, photography and music. Andy Warhol became the symbol of a movement which made the arts easily available to and understandable for the public, thereby causing a change in the culture of America during the ass's and ass's. Acknowledging all of these factual evidence, it is unquestionable that anyone would disagree upon Andy Warhol being an artist.Through his series with common images, celebrities and death, Warhol teaches us that surface images have a lot to say about pop culture. By exploring and learning more about the artist who opened so many doors in the art world, one can see why looking at the surface of his works often meant seeing and understanding so much more about the society in which we live. When considering the life and works of Andy Warhol, one thing is agreed upon: for good or bad, he changed the visual construction of the world we live in. By the time of his death in 1987 he was ranked on the same level with Pablo Picasso and JacksonPollock as one of the three most important artists of this century. He was a working man, a social climber, a person who liked to build things, an acquirer of goods, and a known homosexual. These attributes all contributed to the interesting and complicated nature of his art. Ands intention was to get us to look at the â€Å"art† that is all around us. For example, â€Å"Campbell Tomato Soup† (1962). Whorl's Campbell soup cans are arguably some of his most famous works. Warhol wanted us to look at the simple image of the can for what it represented to our culture.He challenged â€Å"old assigned† critics to overcome their ideas of art as complex and incomprehensible by using simple, common images. Whorl's sele ction of the soup can may be the most important part of the work he did with them. He wanted to display his view of America and to him eating Campbell soup represented being American. Andy makes up art with the common tomato soup we see at the grocery store. Andy Warhol is telling us that good, bad, or very bad, there is â€Å"art† everywhere and we take it for granted. Looking at his photos really makes us fell ignorant to art making us think, â€Å"How could I miss that? Leaving us with guilt and having no confidence to being artists. Although Andy was identified with Pop art and credited with its invention, this is a misunderstanding of his creative ability. Pop is much more complicated than it seems. In creating Pop art, one must create memorable images and awareness of the unpredictable forces in nature and society in whole. It is not simply the portrayal of popular icons but more of an expression of all that is familiar and accepted American society. Pop art also conta ins a serious sub-message that is not apparent at first sight.Warhol has many famous works spanning across distinct mediums, but arguably his most important works were his silkscreen based on photography and his revolutionary usage of the popular media as an artistic medium in itself; which he created through his carefully controlled public persona. Andy Warhol produced works that defied the popular notion of what art should be. Whorl's works were meant to be taken at face value, for nothing more than what they portrayed on the surface. While he stressed this superficial attitude about his art, his works were often the cause of debate and influenced public opinion like no other cultural figure inNorth America. Andy Warhol influenced – and still influences – many modern artists. He was influential not only with the unusual images he created, but also through his extensively publicized lifestyle and attitude. He redefined the role of the artist as a public persona, like a rock star. He was able to clamoring the ordinary. After Warhol, art is no longer seen as exclusively â€Å"high† art. Glorifying Campbell Soup cans and Coke bottles was a fundamentally democratic gesture. Andy Warhol was a great artist who made art accessible for many.The popularity of contemporary art today is to mom extent due to his achievements and I believe that most importantly Warhol taught us that the artist is in reality, the art. Despite of popular belief, the tomato soup pictures were not his ideas; Andy needed new ideas to help boost his creativity. He got several ideas from a woman named Muriel Lotto; a gallery owner he knew. She advised him to paint what he loved most (like money) or what everybody would recognize (soup cans and coke bottles). Andy expanded on these ideas and his paintings of the early ass's reflected his progress as a Pop artist.He finally gained the financial success and international AMA he had longed for. This proves that art is not an ide a, it is how you exemplify that idea to be original and creative. I find it simple at first glance but the majority of his work has quite a vast and deep meaning to it once the viewer takes a moment to really look at it for example the â€Å"famous boxes of Brills pads† (1968) , as first glance it is a well taken and quirky image of a pretty mundane item, however with artistic analysis and deeper thought the ideas of mortification and consumerism seep through the image.Warhol also creates photograph collages and screen-prints of his self-portrait within his portfolio. This is a postmodern artistic medium as instead of allowing the media and public to create an opinion of him, he is taking that license and liberty away from them by creating these images himself, as if to force-feed the media before they get a chance to create a per-conceived opinion. He wanted to portray a creative image of himself, which stands out from everyone else; and he certainly has achieved this in mel low' (1968) self-portrait.Andy Warhol brought forward society's obsession with mass culture and allowed it to become the subject of art itself. Using many techniques such as isolation, repetition and color placement, Warhol brought o the world of art his views on materialism, politics, economics and the media. Some people dispute that Whorl's work isn't original, and it isn't actually creating anything ‘new and that it is simply cheating and copying the basics of an already famous image.In contrast, others believe that he is indeed creating a new work of art as it is taking traditional high art and changing the message of it in to something modern. Warhol appreciated and admired the original and did not intend to take ‘credit' for this creation, he was simply expressing his artistic license to enhance the ark further and in his own way. Ironically, Andy Warhol, a man who fantasized about simply vanishing upon death, a man who expressed so much desire to become a machine, became amortized through the media.Andy Whorl's choice of visual technologies ultimately allowed him to convey the ideas of fame and repetition through literal example. Warhol even turned his life as a whole into a musing on fame, mass-production and the culture of 20th century America. In the end, it is ironic that the very man who coined the phrase ‘1 5 minutes of fame,' received so much more than his share. Andy warhol Maria Virgins Art Fundamentals Andy Warhol Born Andrew Warhol on August 6, 1928 in the city of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Andy Whorl's parent's were Slovakian immigrants. His father, Indore Warhol, was a construction worker and his mother, Julia Warhol, was an embroiderer. They were devout Catholics who attended mass regularly, and maintained much of their Slovakian culture and heritage. At the age of 8, Warhol was diagnosed with Chorea a rare and sometimes fatal disease of the nervous system that left him sick for several months.It was during these months, while Warhol was sick in bed, that his mother, herself a skillful artist, gave him his first drawing lessons. He passed away on February 22, 1987. Warhol attended Holmes Elementary school and took the free art classes offered at the Carnegie Institute in Pittsburgh. Warhol began at Sciences High School, and upon graduating, in 1945, he enrolled at the Carnegie Institute for Technology to study pictorial design. When he graduated wi th his bachelors in art he moved to new York. s portrait † untitled from Marilyn Monroe† is basically Just a picture of Marilyn Monroe. Marilyn is an example of the successful evolution of Whorl's goal of erasing signs of the artist's hand from the production process. † brills boxes†Warhol presented the viewer with exact replicas of commonly used products found in homes and supermarkets. † self portrait†Whorl's self portraits that he created throughout his career reveal an underlying theme of performance. By using repetitive images, each slightly different to the next, Warhol produces the illusion of movement.Andy Warhol was a strange man and that was his gift that brought us a new way of looking at the things, people, the world. He took ordinary things that we were so used to that we didn't really notice them and from his unusual perspective made them new and interesting and art. His mother influenced him to become an artist because when he contr acted his condition she was the one who taught him how to draw when he was bed sick. The first painting of Marilyn Monroe, made me feel like it was true about how when she first had passed away everyone was devastated.They cried they were sad. He was very successful communicating his message. The second painting of Brills Boxes, it honestly Just looks like carriages. Its nasty and I don't know why supermarkets would ever have them. He did succeed delivering his message. The last painting of himself, his self portrait was kind of creepy. He may think of himself in a different way but in my perspective I didn't like that painting Andy Warhol Whorl's Flowers, 1967, silkscreen on synthetic polymer paint on canvas, is included in the exhibition. Flowers were quite an inspiration for Warhol time and again. â€Å"Flowers in art and culture have been ubiquitous since the beginning of recorded art history,† says Smith. â€Å"The floral theme wasn't any more exhausted when Warhol was doing it than when 17th-century Dutch painters or the Impressionists were. But Warhol was sly; he was always playing with traditional art historical themes† (Frey). Andy Warhol, 1925-1987, was an American painter, printmaker, and filmmaker.Warhol is famous for art that defied all standard definitions of ‘art'. He was well known for mass-producing the hallmarks of his work. He called his studio The Factory and insisted on the appropriateness of others producing his work, for which he used mainly photographs, often news photographs, which he printed in multiples by the silk screening process. Silk screening is a method of printing on a porous fabric, the portion of the design to be reproduced is left unblocked on the screen; than the screen is placed above the surface to be printed on, than the paint, or dye, is forced through the screen.Warhol appropriated most of his images and repeated these images numerous times; Warhol had a fascination with repetition, perhaps created by our compulsion to find an exception or rogue element in the composition. â€Å"Warhol was relentlessly detached, cool, and superficial: ‘If you want to know all about Andy Warhol Just look at the surface of my paintings and films and me, and there I am. There is nothing behind it,' he said† (Frazier 709). â€Å"The reason I'm painting this way is that I want to be a machine, and I feel that whatever I do and do machine-like is what I want to do.I like boring things. I like things to be exactly the same over and over again. Eve been quoted a lot as saying, ‘l like boring things. ‘ Well, I said it and I meant it. But that doesn't mean I'm not bored by them. Of course, what I think is boring must not be the same as what other people think is, since I could never stand to watch all the most popular action shows on TV, because they're essentially the same plots and the same shots and the same cuts over and over again. Apparently, most people love watching the same basic thing, as long as the details are different.But I'm Just the opposite: if I'm going to sit ND watch the same thing I saw the night before, I don't want it to be essentially the same?I want it to be exactly the same. Because the more you look at the same exact thing, the more the meaning goes away, and the better and emptier you feel† (Stiles 340). Andy Warhol had a legendary and lucrative artistic career from the early sass through 1986; some early key works are included in landmark series such as Campbell Soup, Marilyn, Jackie, Mao, Elvis, Flowers, Disaster, and Self-portraits.Flower's is considered to be one of Whorl's most significant of his later works. Employing mass-production techniques to create works, Warhol erased traditional distinctions between fine art and popular culture, subtly blurring the boundaries of mass art and high culture with his striking appropriations. His choice of subjects tapped into important themes: power, fame, and tragedy. With an unerring eye for iconic images, from common objects to celebrities and disasters, Warhol produced a lasting oeuvre that captured the essence of American culture† (Traditional Fine Art Online).Warhol believed in painting everyday ‘boring objects, but what do boring objects eve to do with Pop Art? Roy Liechtenstein was once asked what Pop Art was, â€Å"the use of commercial art as a subject matter in painting, I suppose. It was hard to get a painting that was despicable enough so that no one would hang it?everybody was hanging everything. It was almost acceptable to hang a dripping paint rag, everybody was accustomed to this. Th e one thing everyone hated was commercial art; apparently they didn't hate that enough either† (Stiles 337). For example, Coke was one of these objects that Warhol produced quite a bit.Coke is something that very American can relate too, and this is what made Warhol enjoy painting the product so much. â€Å"What's great about this country is that America started the tradition where the richest consumers buy essentially the same things as the poorest. You can be watching TV and see Coca-Cola, and you know that the President drinks Coke, Liz Taylor drinks Coke, and Just think, you can drink Coke, too. A Coke is a Coke and no amount of money can get you a better Coke than the one the bum on the corner is drinking. All the Cokes are the same and all the Cokes are good. Liz

Erntedankfest Thanksgiving in Germany

The first thing you learn when you begin researching Thanksgiving traditions—in the Americas, in Germany, or elsewhere—is that most of what we know about the holiday is bunk. For starters, where was the first Thanksgiving celebration in North America? Most people assume it was the well-known 1621 harvest celebration of the Pilgrims in New England. But beyond the many myths associated with that event, there are other claims to the first American Thanksgiving celebration. These include Juan Ponce De Leons landing in Florida in 1513, Francisco Và ¡squez de Coronados service of thanksgiving in the Texas Panhandle in 1541, as well as two claims for Thanksgiving observances in Jamestown, Virginia—in 1607 and 1610. Canadians claim that Martin Frobishers 1576 Thanksgiving on Baffin Island was the first. Of course, Native Americans, very much involved in the New England events, have their own perspective on all of this. Thanksgiving Outside the United States But the offering of thanks at harvest time is not unique to America. Such observances are known to have been held by the ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and many other cultures throughout history. The American celebration itself is a historically recent development, in fact, connected only tenuously to any of the so-called first thanksgivings. The American Thanksgiving of 1621 was all but forgotten until the 19th century. The 1621 event was not repeated, and what many consider the first authentic religious Calvinist Thanksgiving did not take place until 1623 in Plymouth Colony. Even then it was celebrated only occasionally in some regions for decades  and has only been a U.S. national holiday on the fourth Thursday in November since the 1940s. President Lincoln declared a national Day of Thanksgiving on October 3, 1863. But it was a one-time event, and future Thanksgiving observances were based on the whims of various presidents until President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed a bill creati ng the current holiday in 1941. Canadians began their second-Monday-in-October Thanksgiving observance in 1957, although the official holiday actually goes back to 1879, making it a much older national observance than the U.S. holiday. Canadas Thanksgiving  has been  celebrated annually on November 6th until it was moved to Monday, giving Canadians a long weekend. Canadians adamantly deny any connection between their Thanksgiving and the American Pilgrim tradition. They prefer to claim the English explorer Martin Frobisher and his 1576 Thanksgiving on what is now Baffin Island—which they assert was the real first Thanksgiving in North America, beating the Pilgrims by 45 years (but not the Florida or Texas claims). Thanksgiving in German Europe has a long tradition, but one that is different in many ways from that in North America. First of all, the Germanic Erntedankfest (harvest festival of thanks) is primarily a rural and a religious celebration. When it is celebrated in larger cities, it is usually part of a church service and not anything like the big traditional family holiday in North America. Although it is celebrated locally and regionally, none of the German-speaking countries observe an official national Thanksgiving holiday on a particular day, as in Canada or the U.S. Thanksgiving in German Europe In German-speaking countries,  Erntedankfest  is often celebrated on the first Sunday in October, which is usually also the first Sunday following  Michaelistag  or  Michaelmas  (29 Sept.), but various locales may give thanks at different times during September and October. This puts the Germanic Thanksgiving closer to Canadas Thanksgiving holiday in early October. A typical  Erntedankfest  celebration at Berlins  Evangelisches Johannesstift Berlin  (the Protestant/evangelische  Johannesstift Church) is an all-day affair held in late September. A typical  Fest  begins with a service at 10:00 am. A Thanksgiving procession is held at 2:00 pm and concludes with the presenting of the traditional harvest crown (Erntekrone). At 3:00 pm, theres music (von Blasmusik bis Jazz), dancing, and food inside and outside the church. A 6:00 pm evening service is followed by a lantern and torch parade (Laternenumzug) for the kids—with fireworks! The ceremonies end around 7:00 pm. The churchs website has photos and video of the latest celebration. Some aspects of the New Worlds Thanksgiving celebration have caught on in Europe. Over the past few decades,  Truthahn  (turkey) has become a popular dish, widely available in German-speaking countries. The New World bird is valued for its tender, juicy meat, slowly usurping a more traditional goose (Gans) on special occasions. (And like the goose, it can be stuffed and prepared in similar fashion.) But the Germanic Erntedankfest is still not a big day of family get-togethers and feasting like it is in America. There are some turkey substitutes, usually so-called  Masthà ¼hnchen, or chickens bred to be fattened up for more meat.  Der Kapaun  is a castrated rooster that is fed until hes heavier than the average rooster and ready for a feast.  Die Poularde  is the hen equivalent, a sterilized pullet that is also fattened up (gemà ¤stet). But this is not something done just for Erntedankfest. While Thanksgiving in the U.S. is the traditional start of the Christmas shopping season, in Germany the unofficial starting date is Martinstag on November 11. (It used to be more significant as the start of 40 days of fasting before Christmas.) But things really dont get started for  Weihnachten  until the first  Adventsonntag  (Advent Sunday) around December 1.

How the Industrial Revolution Affects Us Today - 5039 Words

Danielle Velazquez Mr. Teacher Course Number 3 May 2011 How the Industrial Revolution Affects Today The Industrial Revolution that rocked Americas economic and social structure was a magnificent tool of change. The massive influx of industry that it brought with it changed the lives of millions of people. The Industrial Revolution marked a turning point in American history. Almost every aspect of daily life was influenced in some way. â€Å"For the first time in history, the living standards of the masses of ordinary people have begun to undergo sustained growth†¦Nothing remotely like this economic behavior has happened before† (Robert E. Lucas, 1997). Steam power, machine-based manufacturing, water power, improved communication, and†¦show more content†¦The way of life differed from place to place, depending on the climate, the soil, and the distance from towns and trade routes. For most people, life revolved around the agricultural seasons--planting, cultivating, harvesting, and processing the harvest. The demand for manual labor created strong incentives to mechanize labor intensive tasks such as plowing and harvesting. The eastern seaboard of the United States, with a great number of rivers and streams along the Atlantic seaboard, provided many potential sites for constructing mills and infrastructure necessary for early industrialization. A vast supply of natural resources along with a large labor supply consisting of surplus domestic rural workers and massive immigration from European nations enabled industrialization. The ready supply of labor was an advantage American industrialism had over European. 1.1 Factories and Mills In the mid 1780’s, Oliver Evans invented the grain elevator and hopper boy that would eventually replace traditional gristmills. By the turn of the century, Evans also developed one of the first high pressure steam engines and began establishing a network of machine workshops to manufacture and repair these popular inventions. In 1789, the widow of Nathanael Greene recruited Eli Whitney to develop a machine to separate the seeds of short fibered cotton from the fibers. The resulting cotton gin could be made withShow MoreRelatedSteam Engines By Katelyn Warga 2nd Period947 Words   |  4 Pagesin the industrial revolution, â€Å"this heat engine performs mechanical work using steam as its working fluid.† Throughout its time the steam engine has had many uses, and been modified many times to change its pronounced task. This had led to the steam engine being a very important invention in the industrial revolution, changing life in social and econo mic ways that still impact today. The steam engine drove the world into an era of â€Å"big business† and production that is still evident today. What isRead MoreAmerican and French Revolution - Essay1419 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican and French Revolutions declared that their goal was to create a new political system based on the principles of liberty and equality. However, the interpretation of those ideas by the American Founding Fathers turned out to be distinctly different from that of the French revolutionaries. How did those different interpretations of the concepts of liberty and equality affect the outcomes and the legacies of both revolutions? Analyze, compare, and contrast. The American Revolution officially beganRead MoreMass Production Affects Conflicts With Society, Business And International Affairs907 Words   |  4 PagesMass production affects conflicts with society, business and international affairs because it can ultimately cause positive or negative impacts on these areas depending on the end result of the sales of the items in question. I believe that this can lead to the outcome going either way causing a ripple effect and ultimately bringing a positive or negative impact on these areas depending on several factors such as marketing, sales, etc. During the Industrial Revolution, the role of government wasRead MoreEffects Of The Industrial Revolution On America And England982 Words   |  4 PagesAs Stephen Gardiner once said, â€Å"The industrial revolution was another one of those extraordinary jumps forward in the story of civilization.† The Industrial Revolution was in fact an extraordinary jump in the development of the U.S. It created a foundation for what the U.S is today socially, economically, and politically. The Industrial Revolution played a major role in the industrialization and modernization and still has effects to this day. These effects lead to more trade, better transportationRead MorePositive and Negative Effects of Industrial Revolution Essay1043 Words   |  5 Pagesand Negative Effects of Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution began in England in the late 1700’s. The Industrial Revolution was a time of new inventions, products, and methods of work. The results of the Industrial Revolution led to many short and long-term positive and negative effects. These results have been assessed from many viewpoints such as the factory workers, the factory owners, the government, and other people who observed the conditions in industrial cities. One negativeRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution: A Bad Habit Starter for Humans1477 Words   |  6 Pages The industrial revolution was a bad habit starter for humans. This revolution into the modern world created some bad habits that are detrimental to the earths quality in many aspects, such as biodiversity or the variant of living things each organism contributing to the ecosystem no matter how small, the rapidly increase in deforestation causing a loss of biodiversity plus more and more soil degradation which happens to affect the water quality and quantity. These problems can all be traced backRead MoreImpact Of Technology On The Environment1308 Words   |  6 Pagesyears has had a severe impact on the environment. Since the mid-1800s at the start of the industrial revolution technology has increased the amount of environmental degradation. Throughout the American West and the Atmosphere, technology has caused environmental problems and solutions. The American West has seen a dramatic change as technology has increased since the industrial revolution, The Industrial revolution began in England in the 1800s. Technological advances increased the ability for industryRead MoreOrganizational Theory And Management Theory Essay1268 Words   |  6 PagesWhen many of us here the term management, the 1st thing you might think of is being in control of something or someone. In chapter 2 Organizational Theory and Management, it presents administrative and organization theory and behavior relating to the motions comparing to the opportunities of public management. James H. Boren author and founder of the international association of professional bureaucrats in 1970 stated â€Å"When in charge, ponder; when in trouble, delegate†. Frederick Taylor takes fourRead MoreHow Greed Affects The Lives Of People935 Words   |  4 PagesIt is hard to believe how greed affects the lives of people. Often people do not realize that money and po wer are not everything in life. During the Industrial Revolution many people let their lives be heavily manipulated by their material wants rather than their needs. As a result they were often unhappy with the lives they had while others were in abundance of happiness. Charles Dickens lived during the Industrial Revolution and knew what life was like during those times (BBC - Primary HistoryRead MoreThe Industrialization After the Civil War1438 Words   |  6 PagesContemporary U.S. History Dr. Reeves Introduction The Industrial revolution improved the American lifestyle all the while causing many problems along the way. The Industrial Revolution contributed to the growth of cities and their economy. This created more jobs thus causing for workers to move their families to the northern regions of the country for work on farms or factories. The Industrial Revolution also contributed to many aspects that negatively affected some Americans’

Messages Of Charlotte Turner Smith - 1476 Words

Jaquelin Govea Professor Patterson English IV DC 7 25 March 2015 Messages of Charlotte Turner Smith Charlotte Turner Smith was a poet and novelist during the time of English Romanticism. She began the revival of the English sonnet and wrote political novels of deep feeling. Smith was a successful writer, publishing ten novels, three books of poetry, four children s books, and other assorted works, over the course of her career. She always felt poetry was her calling although she excelled in her poems. Poetry was considered the most glorious form of literature at the time. Charlotte Smith s poetry was admired by many romantic poets. After 1798, Smith s fame faded and by 1803 she was poor and ill. In 1806, Charlotte Smith died. Eventually forgotten by the middle of the nineteenth century, her works have now been republished and she is recognized as an important Romantic writer. Many of her works today have been further interpreted to contain more messages and meanings behind them. Some of her significant works consist of the poems, â€Å"Written at the Close of Spring,† â€Å"To Sleep,† â€Å"Written in the Church-Yard at Middleton in Sussex† and many more. In the list of these works, Charlotte Smith portrays message based on the life she lived and the time period in which she was from. Smith was part of a wealthy family growing up. She had an education that was typical for a woman during the eighteenth century. Due to her father’s spending, she was forced to marry early in orderShow MoreRelatedAll About Peace Education13195 Words   |  53 Pagesto ensure one’s own survival, security and success in a dangerous, conflicted and violent world. Many teach their children that the most primal and powerful forces operating in life are those of competition and struggle. Children receive the same message from other influential sources of education in their homes, namely television, Internet and games. In school, children once again are introduced to these conflict-based views through the actual experience of school life—with its culture ofRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesElectronic Communications 345 †¢ Managing Information 349 Choice of Communication Channel 350 xiv CONTENTS Persuasive Communications 351 Automatic and Controlled Processing 351 †¢ Interest Level 352 †¢ Prior Knowledge 352 †¢ Personality 352 †¢ Message Characteristics 352 Barriers to Effective Communication 353 Filtering 353 †¢ Selective Perception 353 †¢ Information Overload 353 †¢ Emotions 353 †¢ Language 354 †¢ Silence 354 †¢ Communication Apprehension 355 †¢ Lying 355 Global Implications 356 CulturalRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 Pagesthat brought workers into a central location and into contact with other workers. It was during the development of effective and efficient management control of these newly founded organizations that many management concepts began to emerge. Adam Smith, in his writing, particularly in The Wealth of Nations, described division of work and time-and-motion studies as they should be employed in organizations. Other writers of the period, including Robert Owen, Charles Babbage, and Ch arles Dupin, wroteRead MoreMonsanto: Better Living Through Genetic Engineering96204 Words   |  385 Pages C A S E T H R E E : DAIM LE RCHRYSLER: C O R P O R ATE G O V E R N AN C E 7 8 9 A. Taylor, 2001, ‘Can the Germans rescue Chrysler?’, Fortune, 30 April: 47. W. Hirn, 2002, ‘Die Revolution von Tokio’, Manager Magazin, November: 88 ff. D. C. Smith, 2002, ‘Is this the next chairman?’, Ward’s AutoWorld, November: 48. DYNA M I CS I N A GLO BA L C O MPAN Y 10 J.–H. Wiskow, 2003, ‘Beschrà ¤nkter Durchblick’, Capital, 6 March. 11 Salary levels are for 2001 or 2002. 12 2003, ‘Neue Aufsichtsrà ¤teRead MoreReed Supermarket Case32354 Words   |  130 Pagesthe message. Penthouse magazine continues to attract advertisers for high-value-added consumer durables, such as cars, hi-ï ¬  equipment and clothes, which are geared primarily to a high-income male segment. High reach is necessary when the ï ¬ rm enters a new market or introduces a new product so that information about, for example, the new product’s availability is spread to the widest possible audience. A high level of frequency is appropriate when brand awareness already exists and the message is aboutRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 Pagesdata, images, and so on. Communications products on large computers with many attached workstations have the awesome task of controlling the communications of these workstations, or terminals, with the central computer. This software collects the messages from the terminals, processes them as necessary, and returns the responses to the proper terminals. These products are often designed to work closely with a particular operating system. For example, IBM’s CICS (Customer Information Control System)

Underground Hiphop Free Essays

Michelle Godinho Anthropology 3 MW May 21, 2012 Underground Hip-Hop Introduction: After participating in an event known as â€Å"Paid Dues† (a music festival where artists whose music genre which is underground hip-hop), I will study through an Anthropological perspective, the subculture of underground hip-hop in the USA. Underground Hip-hop is a broad term for rappers and artists who avoid the mainstream. Hip-Hop as a music arose in the late 1970’s, exclusively from black culture, which came from block parties in New York, specifically the Bronx, but underground hip-hop originated in the late 80s; in the midst of the golden age of hip-hop. We will write a custom essay sample on Underground Hiphop or any similar topic only for you Order Now Through an anthropological view, by using a holistic approach, I will explain the major components of the underground hip-hop culture. The major components entail everything people in a society have, think, and do. Also I will talk about their ideology which can fall in the category of the way they think and the symbolism in their lyrics. Just some more facts about the underground hip-hop culture; Underground hip-hop encompasses several different styles of music, though it is often politically themed and socially conscious. Numerous acts are described as being both underground and politically or socially aware, these include – A Tribe Called Quest, Brother Ali, Murs, Immortal Technique, Binary Star, and People under the Stairs. Definitions of terms that will be used in my paper: Mainstream – Music that’s usually on the radio, that is commercialized and is extremely popular among people. Culture – everything that people have, think and do as members of a society. Ideology – ideas reflecting the social needs and aspirations of an individual, group, class, or culture Symbolism – The use of symbols to represent ideas or qualities. Have: One of the three major components of culture is â€Å"have†. Have refers to the material possessions and tangible objects within a society. In underground hip-hop we can call this part of their culture the â€Å"have not’s†. As underground artists they do not like the fortune and fame as the mainstream artists. To further explain this I will use social stratification between underground hip-hop and mainstream hip-hop rappers. How to cite Underground Hiphop, Papers

Early Strikes Of The American Labor Movement Essay Example For Students

Early Strikes Of The American Labor Movement Essay EARLY STRIKES OF THE LABOR MOVEMENT In the mid-nineteenth century and early twentieth century, industry in America was growing at an alarming rate. This growth brought about basic changes in the way things were produced and in the lives of those who produced them. It was the Civil War that first started to change industrial landscape of the nation. More than a million dollars a day were spent on weapons, ammunition, machinery, clothing, boots, shoes, and canned goods (Meltzer, 3). The high demand for so many different items brought bigger, newer and more efficient factories. The factories were producing cheaper products than the small, independent, hand-made specialists were. As a result of this industrialization a shoemaker, for example, no longer made the whole shoe. Instead the new shoemaker only made the heel, or shoelace. Mass production left no place for the individual craftsman (Meltzer, 4). The new assembly line organization had several side effects. One was condition for the workers. Factories often provided inadequate housing which lead to bad living conditions. The working conditions were usually dirty, uncomfortable, and unsafe. By 1900 nearly one out of every five in the labor force was a woman. Conditions for women and children were often much worse. They women were used to hard work. In the home they put in 12 hours a day or more, cleaning, cooking, sewing, rearing children, and helping with the mens chores as well, (Foner, Women 8). Industry owners sent people to rural parts of the country to recruit women. They promised the women high wages, leisure hours, and silk dresses. Instead, the women worked 14 to 16 hours a day for an average wage of $1.56 a week. They received no silk dresses. Some of the hands never touch their money from months end to months end. Once in two weeks is payday. A woman had then worked 122 hours. The corporation furnishes her house. There is rent to be paid; there are also the corporation stores from which she has been getting her food, coal and other cheap stuff on sale may tempt her to purchase (Meltzer, 21). Factory employers also cheated women, believing they were defenseless. Some employers did not pay them at all, or deducted a large part of their pay for imperfect work. An 1870 survey showed that 7,000 of the working women could only afford to live in cellars and 20,000 were near starvation. For children in the nineteenth century, idleness was considered a sin. And the factory was a God sent protector against the evils into which idleness might lead children. In the 1830s in Massachusetts, children in the factory worked 12 to 13 hours a day. In 1845, the mills in Lowell set hours for children from sunup to sunset. In New England two fifths of all workers were children. The Census of 1870 reported 700,000 children ages ten to fifteen at work. By 1910, nearly 2 million children ages ten to fifteen were at work. In addition to the extremely high hours, the conditions children were forced to work in were atrocious. The factories were often dirty, unsanitary, cramped, dark, and unsafe. As difference in wealth between workers and owners increased, there was a greater need for the worker to be able to improve their circumstances. There were several key strikes through which the workers fought to improve conditions. In this paper I will investigate the issues, events, and outcomes surrounding three important strikes. The Homestead Strike: 1891, Steel Industry, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Conditions in the steel mills were difficult, dangerous and wages were low. Everywhere in the enormous sheds were pits gaping like the mouth of hell, and ovens emitting a terrible degree of heat, with grimy men filling and lining them. .ub1e25a17a303ed04a97a8aa136b7790b , .ub1e25a17a303ed04a97a8aa136b7790b .postImageUrl , .ub1e25a17a303ed04a97a8aa136b7790b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub1e25a17a303ed04a97a8aa136b7790b , .ub1e25a17a303ed04a97a8aa136b7790b:hover , .ub1e25a17a303ed04a97a8aa136b7790b:visited , .ub1e25a17a303ed04a97a8aa136b7790b:active { border:0!important; } .ub1e25a17a303ed04a97a8aa136b7790b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub1e25a17a303ed04a97a8aa136b7790b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub1e25a17a303ed04a97a8aa136b7790b:active , .ub1e25a17a303ed04a97a8aa136b7790b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub1e25a17a303ed04a97a8aa136b7790b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub1e25a17a303ed04a97a8aa136b7790b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub1e25a17a303ed04a97a8aa136b7790b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub1e25a17a303ed04a97a8aa136b7790b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub1e25a17a303ed04a97a8aa136b7790b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub1e25a17a303ed04a97a8aa136b7790b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub1e25a17a303ed04a97a8aa136b7790b .ub1e25a17a303ed04a97a8aa136b7790b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub1e25a17a303ed04a97a8aa136b7790b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Japanese Temple Architecture Essay One man jumps down, works desperately for a few minutes, and is then pulled up exhausted. Another immediately takes his place; there is no hesitation, (Meltzer, 137). The accident rate in the steel mills of Pittsburgh was very high. In 1891 there was a total of 300 deaths and over 2,000 injuries. People died or were injured from explosions, burnings, asphyxiation, electric shocks, falls, crushing, etc. In 1889 the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers organized to seek higher wages and .