A Study On Becks Theory Psychology Essay

A Study On Becks Theory Psychology Essay Beck’s theory states that Individuals with dysfunctional attitudes are likely to show increases in depressed mood following the occurrence of negative events. From the cognitive perspective, we can say that depression is caused by one’s thinking. Someone with dysfunctional attitudes tends to think negatively toward themselves. When a negative event occurs which relates to that person, it triggers the negative thoughts over and over again which can lead to depression. Beck believed that the cognitive symptoms of depression actually precede the affective and mood symptoms of depression, rather than vice versa. Beck’s main argument was that depression was instituted by one’s view of oneself, instead of one having a negative view of oneself due to depression. For example, Abela and D’Alessandro’s (2002) found that the student’s negative views about their future strongly controlled the interaction between dysfunctional attitudes and the increase in depressed mood. The research clearly backed up Beck’s claim that those at risk for depression due to dysfunctional attitudes who did not get into their college of choice then doubted their futures, and these thoughts lead to symptoms of depression. The other cause of depression would be a person’s interpersonal relationship with their surroundings and the people around them. Hammen and Brennan (2001) found that 13% of the sons and 23.6 % of the daughters who were depressed had depressed mothers as compared to 3.9% of the sons and 15.9% of the daughters who were depressed lacked a depressed mother. From the social perspective, we see that the child becomes depressed because of the interpersonal relationship with his or her mother which shows how the social environment around someone can influence the behaviour or thinking of the person. The depressed adolescents of depressed mothers were also more likely to evidence dysfunctional cognitions about their s ocial selves and worlds. (Hammen & Brennan, 2001, p. 8) This clearly contradicts beck’s argument that depression is cause by dysfunctional cognition but not vice versa. Hammen and Brennan (2001) discussed that adolescents gets depressed because of the interpersonal relationship with their mothers which then later lead them into dysfunctional cognitions. Whereas, beck states that dysfunctional attitudes comes first which then later on lead the person into depression. Another contradiction of these two concepts is that one states that depression is caused by the inner thinking without the influence of another person and on the contrary, the other is cause by the surrounding people and how they behave. Second Section Cognitive Theory Individuals with dysfunctional attitudes are likely to show increases in depressed mood following the occurrence of negative events which is stated in Beck`s theory. We can say that depression is caused by one’s thinking from the cognitiv e perspective. Someone with dysfunctional attitudes tends to think negatively toward themselves. When a negative event shows up, it triggers the negative thoughts over and over again which can lead to depression. The relationship between dysfunctional attitudes and increases in depressed mood following the occurrence of negative events is caused by negative views of the future . Beck’s cognitive theory of depression has generated a vast body of empirical research.Central to Beck’s theory is the construct of schemas(Beck’s (1967, 1983). Beck defines schemas as stored bodies of knowledge that affect the encoding, comprehension and retrieval of information. The content and organization of different individuals’ schemas vary according to their particular experiences. Once activated, depressogenic schemas provide access to a complex system of negative themes and cognitions which will lead to ‘negative cognitive triad'(Beck’s (1967, 1983). Beck de fines the negative cognitive triad as a negative view of the self, the world and the future. Beck hypothesizes that the negative cognitive triad is a sufficient cause of depression and will start showing some depressive symptoms such as deficits in affective, motivational, behavioural and physiological functioning(John R. Z. Abela,2000). Beck also states that there are three main dysfunctional belief themes (or â€Å"schemas†) that dominate depressed people’s thinking (Natalie Staats Reiss, Ph.D, 2007):

Stereotypes and Media Influence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Stereotypes and Media Influence - Essay Example 287) and (3) be responsible for communal discrimination as well as unfairness. Frequently, the â€Å"groups being stereotyped have little to say about how they are represented† (Merskin, p. 301). Stereotypes have a significant part in today's civilization - mainly in ‘misinformation’ or ‘half truth’. Stereotyping is as a preset conservative belief or idea of a person or group of individuals, held by several people. Stereotypes can be fundamental or intricate overviews, which â€Å"public apply to individuals or groups† (Merskin, p. 319), in accordance with their look, conduct and way of life. Stereotypes are present universally. However, the world appears to be getting better in a number of ways it seems nearly unattainable to release it from stereotypes. Stereotypes have been there from the start of time in daily life by means of faith, political affairs and the media. Human beings have the inclination to apply stereotypes in their wittiness, their depictions of others, and even in their way of life. One may think that it is feasible to get rid from such practices; nonetheless, if one observed the standard endorsements of misinformation, it would make this aim unfeasible. On the other hand, stereotypes are not negative at all times. Misinformation is a power, which can manipulate and have an effect on every person; making alterations in conduct, approach and ones thinking. It is as well identified that media affects its spectators by amending their opinions based on the data that they see. Large number of stereotypes televised by misinformation has related results. The media frequently utilizes as well as misrepresents stereotypes; nonetheless, considerable amount of people among society believe them. Television... The media frequently utilizes as well as misrepresents stereotypes; nonetheless, considerable amount of people among society believe them. Television programs, for instance, the Simpsons are filled with stereotypes during its thirty minutes of transmission. The Simpsons has a huge viewership that watch this program every day as it is aired in prime time. â€Å"Characters such as Apu are highly discriminated and stereotyped. On this show, Apu is characterized as an Indian immigrant, who prays to Ganesh, and he holds a highly noticeable and dissimilar accent†. This is a stereotype that is viewed by young kids and is recognized as comic; they relate this understanding towards individuals they meet in reality. Spectators of this program consider this knowledge to be entirely truthful for they hold slight or no understanding regarding that specific group. Despite the fact that the stereotypes publicized on television are misrepresented more often than not, they are pretty well ackn owledged by the viewers as the fact. The spectators who view such programs on a day-to-day basis do not identify the prejudiced content, which is being shown. In particular, media grabs the â€Å"interests of their audience through comedy, drama, and action which causes the viewers to disregard the immorality behind the content† (Schiappa, p. 259). Consequently, the usefulness of applying such stereotypes adds to the recognition of television programs. In contrast, the misinformation's utilization of stereotypes is not constantly a negative event. Misinformation’s use of stereotypes can occasionally provide one the enthusiasm to gain knowledge.

Trait of Effective Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Trait of Effective Communication - Essay Example Not to forget though, that effective communication may also be defined as the way a person uses his body language in order to convey his message. This can be done through the nod of the head, raising of the eyebrow, hunching of the shoulders... Any of these aforementioned method of communication can be taken to define what effective communication is all about. 2. There are two traits that are necessary in effective communication. The first trait is speaking clearly. By speaking clearly and properly explaining what it is that you wish to have another person understand, he will be able to get a clear grasp of what it is that you are trying to say. Being sure to use words that you are sure the person one is speaking to can understand, one can be sure that his message will definitely be received and understood. The second important trait of effective communication has everything to do with the ability of a person to listen attentively and actively. By listening attentively, one is able t o concentrate on the message being delivered by the person speaking. It will also allow for a better analysis of the discussion and active participation as one will be able to properly pose clarification questions whenever the need arises. 3. An example of a communication break that can occur which can result in the distorting of a message often occurs with the written word. This is because the written word can change its meaning depending upon the punctuation used or the mistaken context of a message. Something as simple as â€Å"Dont rush me! Im leaving now!† in a text message can either be taken as an angry message by the receiver or as a message of excitement. All depending upon the way that the message was perceived by the other side. On the other hand, a message such as â€Å"Dont bother. I can do it.† when spoken can be taken as either exasperated, angry, or simply a statement by the person hearing it. All depending upon the vocal intonation of the speaker.